The Ethics Of The Executive Officer Of Citibank Essay

Leadership has been directed by the ethical beliefs and values. It has been found that the dignity and right of the employees have been expressed by the ethics of leaderships. In this assignment the chosen organization for study is Citibank. Citibank was started in the year of 1812 at New York City. They started their business in New Zealand in 1902. It has been observed that Citibank has developed their code of ethics and the management has taken the help the code of ethics to control the functions. 1. Ethical leadership and culture: 1.1 Ethical philosophy: The various management departments such as operation management, human resource management and project management has implemented the decisions, programs and policies after evaluating the guidelines of the ethical policies of the organization. It has been observed that the Chief Executive Officer of Citibank has claimed that the organization has maintained the highest possible standard to gain the trust of its employees. It has been observed that leaders have maintained strong cultural ethics and responsibility in the workplace. The leaders have develop an ethical culture and set a new value proposition. It has been noticed that leaders of Citibank has implemented the case based training session for the employees and created an informative ethics content from the leaders. The ethics of the organization has been formed from the combination of interests and different backgrounds. The ethics have been developed on aShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Citi s Mission812 Words   |  4 Pagesis a key factor driving Citi’s ‘customer-centric’ business model. The practice of responsible financing and ethics within Citi is taken extremely seriously and rewards transparency and intelligent risk taking. RISK ORGANIZATION Risk management is an integral part of Citi. The planning process is an independent control function within Franchise Risk and Strategy. Citi’s Chief Risk Officer oversees the process, with further oversight from the Risk Management Committee of the Citi group Board of DirectorsRead MoreCareer And Company Analysis : Wells Fargo1284 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizational structure the executive officers, nine to be exact. Some of these include CEO John G. Stumpf, Timothy J. Sloan President and Chief Operating Officer, and John R. Shrewsberry Senior EVP and Chief Financial officer. Then there is also the board of directors. The business of the company is managed under the board of directors. The board delegates the conduct of business, the company’s officers, employees, and managers under the discretion of the Chief Executive Officer. It has more of a flatRead MoreEnron s Impact On Enron1554 Words   |  7 Pagessteel, petrochemicals and waste water to name a few (Fusaro, 2000, p. 157). From the time they merged to form Enron up to the point of their collapse, Enron’s executive committee had squandered many of the company’s assets through bad strategies, hiding money, and creating an illusion of a stable financial company. Most of the top executives overstated Enron’s earnings by several million dollars (Niskanen, 2005) causing the company’s stockholders to lose millions of dollars. Kenneth Lay who joinedRead More Industrial Psychology Essay8415 Words   |  34 Pagescompanies in order to view their prevalence in different industries. Following are the companies that have been chosen to conduct a research in relation to industrial psychology and are stated as follows, ol li value=1 Mobilink li value=2 Citibank li value=3 Unilever li value=4 Gillette /ol On the following pages we will deal with all these companies one by one by identifying the major aspects of the application of industrial psychology and how these make the progress of theseRead MoreChapter 9: Behavioral and Organizational Issues in Management Accounting and Control Systems16548 Words   |  67 Pagesorganization’s values and code of ethics. A clear statement of the employee’s ethical responsibilities for every job description and a specific review of the employee’s ethical performance as part of every performance review. Adequate training to help employees identify ethical dilemmas in practice and learn how to deal with the dilemmas. Compelling evidence that senior management expects organization members to adhere to its code of ethics. This means that managementRead MoreEnron Case7190 Words   |  29 PagesThe Enron Accounting Scandal Presented By: Jennifer Buondonno Nirmala David Robert Pufky Matt Rollings ENRON Page 1 of 27 Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 (I) Introduction to the Enron case and the organizations involved†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Background information industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Organizations and officers involved†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Accounting firm and partners involved†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Enron’s industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Enron’s injured parties†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreSocial Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital2516 Words   |  11 Pagesorganizations dedicated to preserving the world s environment, likewise, social and world wide issues such as AIDS, poverty and terrorism have led to more organizations being created to help combat these issues. Corporate scandals and run away executive compensation have given businesses focusing on philanthropic endeavors more media prominence as the good guys, which has raised the public s imagination and support. There is growing pressure for corporations to focus on their social impactRead MoreCross Cultural Management Research6745 Words   |  27 Pagesraise issues concerning business standards and ethics. (Xerox Corporation, pg. 1, 2009). Xerox Company is more than 80% independent in support of the Board of Directors. Xerox requires that all employees and Board of Directors read and understand the company’s policy. Xerox describes conflict of interest, corporate opportunities, confidentiality, protection and proper use of Company Assets, fair dealing, waivers of code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Encouraging the Reporting of any Illegal orRead MoreEnron Ethical Issue8130 Words   |  33 PagesThis was win-win contract which leads to Enron find new long-term suppliers. 2.0 Literature review: 2. 1 Accounting failure concept: Accounting failure or accounting scandals occur with the disclosure of malfunction which happened by trusted executive managers or top manager in a public or private company. Malfunctions can be includes overestimating the revenue, overestimating the value of company assets, intricate methods for misleading funds, concealing the liabilities, which had done by topRead MoreIntroduction to Organization Study7959 Words   |  32 Pagesemployee and employer relationship and co-ordination. To show up the different product range of AMEX. To know the overall development of AMEX. Methodology: Conducting personal interview with all the functional manager departmental head and sales executives. Collect the various data required to the study. Manuals and reports of the company constituted the source of secondary data. Limitation: The following limitation of this internship report: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · The study is limited to the study of whole

Brains vs Beauty Free Essays

In the Tales from the Thousand and One Nights the women are represented as fraudulent, cunning characters using their sexuality to their benefit. Some of these women are portrayed as deceitful harlots, while others honestly use their sly wits and beauty to their advantage to obtain what they desire. In the time of the Tales, female sexuality was prevalent, so it’s not absurd to read about all the infidelity and sexuality in these stories; however it is interesting to see how each female character uses that to her benefit. We will write a custom essay sample on Brains vs Beauty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some women show to be evil minded while others have good intentions. Throughout the Tales from the Thousand and One Nights, there are different stories that Shahrazad tells, depicting the women in different manners. Some women were represented as deceitful whores, such as the wives of the kings in the Prologue of the Tales, others used their wit and knowledge to gain their desire, for example, Shahrazad, the story teller of the book. Shahrazad uses these women as examples to show King Shahriyar and his brother, Shahzaman that not all women are untrustworthy.They just know how to use what they have sexually and intellectually to gain control of a situation. By sexually, I don’t mean throwing themselves at different men; men are weak and will easily fall for anything a woman says if he thinks he will â€Å"benefit† from it. In â€Å"The Tale of King Shahriyar and his Brother Shahzaman† the two kings find out that their wives were frolicking about having affairs with different men. This is in the Prologue of the Tales, the two kings went on an expedition and ran into a woman, who happened to be the wife of a Jinnee, she threatened the brothers to please her or she shall wake the Jinnee.Once the fowl woman was done using the kings for her pleasure, she proceeded to pull out a string with ninety-eight rings on it. Each ring represented a man she had slept with. The kings were astonished but at the same time relieved, â€Å"If such a thing could happen to a mighty Jinnee, then our misfortune is light indeed†(19). In the beginning stories, women look like they are the villains in the book, because they portray themselves to be indecent harlots. The kings at this point come to the conclusion that all women are they same, so they devise a plan to be with a virgin every night and kill her the next morning.The brothers will never feel the pain of a broken heart again. Sexual fidelity has always been the core social concern. Some of these tales prove that to be true. The kings refuse to let that happen to them again, so they come up with this plan. So as one can see, the women so far in the Tales hold a bad reputation, until King Shahriyar met the Vizier’s daughter, Shahrazad. Shahrazad, is also the storyteller of the Tales she begs her father to let her marry the king despite the fact that he wishes to kill her in the morning. She was very confident that she could sway the king’s decision of her dooming death.She devised a plan with her sister in high hopes that it will save her life. Shahrazad was going to ask for her sister, Dunyazad to bid her a farewell, and she was to ask Shahrazad to tell a â€Å"tale of marvel, so that the night may pass pleasantly†(23). The king agreed. In this story Shahrazad proves to use her wit to her advantage, although she knows that her death is possibly near she shows strength and confidence. She knows that if she can pull this off, not only will she save her own life and the life of any other of the kings victims, but also she will be made the wife of the king.She cunningly uses her knowledge to prolong her death. Shahrazad presents a number of representations of women throughout the stories in the Tales and does not rely on the stereotype presented at the beginning of the book when all women are perceived as harlots. In the story, â€Å"The Woman and Her Five Lovers† a young woman falls in love with young man who gets into a brawl and is imprisoned. The woman is distraught and thinks of a plan to free her lover. She goes to five men to help her achieve her goal. She goes to the Governor, the Vizier, the Cadi, and the King asking them to sign a petition to free her lover. Instead of telling them that he is her husband, she tells them that he is her brother and her sole support. The four men are so at awe with her beauty and sexual demeanor that they agree, but only if they can have her for one night. She convinces these men to meet her at her house, â€Å"it is more fitting that I should wait for you at my house, were there are neither slaves nor maidservants to intrude upon our privacy†(107). She then goes to a carpenter and asks him to build a cupboard of four large compartments, he said he’d do it with honor and free of charge if she would give him one night to himself.The sly woman agreed and in the midst of leaving told the carpenter she forgot she needed five cupboards, not four. The carpenter did as she ordered. One by one the men started to show at her house, she greeted each man kissing the ground before him and saying slick remarks such as, â€Å"first take of your clothes and your turban. You will be much more comfortable in this light robe and bonnet†(109). Not soon after there’d be a knock at the door, the woman would tell the men to quickly jump into the cupboard because that was her husband at the door.They all ended up in the cupboard, but the woman made sure to have all petitions signed so that her husband could be freed. Once the men were locked up, she rescued her lover. In this specific story, Shahrazad showed the King that not all women are unfaithful. She did use her sexuality to her benefit to connive these men into her ultimate goal, to free her lover. She used her wit just as Shahrazad had. This particular character in the book goes against the perception in the beginning of the Tales that all women are unfaithful.She might have been wrong per se because she deceived the five men, but she did it for her lover, which in turn, makes her a heroine in her lover’s eyes. The idiocy of the men to fall for her seductive demeanor leads them to an unpleasurable stay locked in a cupboard. In the times the Tales were told in, it was the norm for woman to be seductive, women knew that they had an advantage because men are weak when it comes to the desire of a beautiful lady. So in these tales, it is not unusual to read stories of such perversity.Some of the women used their sexuality as a tool for their own pleasure, while others respected their lover and bodies and used their brains to obtain their ultimate goal. These were the wise women of the stories. Most of the other women who were caught being unfaithful were killed, which again was routine punishment for their deceit. The women who used their brains over their bodies were rewarded with respect and love. Ultimately, Shahrazad, through her lessons in the form of stories, she depicts women as not simply whores and tricksters, but as capable of wit, intelligence, and much more beyond sex and infidelity. How to cite Brains vs Beauty, Papers

Accounting Theory and Governance for Knowledge - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Theory and Governance for Financial Knowledge. Answer: Introduction Financial knowledge has been a must in order to take the review of the company financial performance. As the investors it is not possible to review the whole business performance and to take decisions to invest in the various choices of investment options. In this regards Australia Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) has provided 10 major points that every investors need to undertake before making the decision to invest in any company. All these points help investors to analyze the performance of the company and to come with the proper choice. All these points are defined in detail and are really helpful for the investors. In this report in order to explain all these points a case study 1 has been undertaken and various questions to case study has been answered. For case study company called Wesfarmers has been taken to explain the case study questions. Executive remuneration is always the concern for the stakeholders as their pay increase year to year even in the situation of financial crises. In order to explain the reform undertaken to make changes on how the remuneration of the top management has to be calculated, the case study 2 has been taken and various questions has been answered. Summary of Case Studies Case Study 1: This study provides the 10 major points that every investors must review in context of any company chosen for investment purpose before making the decision of investment. In this regard Wesfarmers has been selected to explain the procedure. Case Study 2: This study discusses the issues with the excessive executive remuneration in the United States and reforms to make changes in the calculation of the executive remuneration. Analysis of Annual Report (Company Name: Wesfarmers) Examining figures in financial statements The financial statements developed by an entity aims to reflects its financial performance for supporting the decision-making of end-users. In this context, the ASIC (Australian Securities Investment Commission) has provided suggestions to the non-professional investors for evaluating the financial performance of a company through its financial statements analysis. The suggestions are provided on ASIC for protecting the interests of investors so that accurately interprets the financial information for making informed decisions for investing (Australia, 2011). The financial performance of Wesfarmers Limited, Australian retail giant, can be based from the financial statements net figures of income statement and balance sheet as per ASIC guidelines. The income statement analysis has depicted that the company has recorded a net increase in its profit in the year 2017 as compared to the financial year 2016. The underlying net profit has increased to 22.1 per cent in the year 2017 and has reached to $2,873 million. The earnings per share have increased to 21.6 per cent and return on equity has reported an increase to about 12.4 per cent in the year 2017 as compared to the previous financial year. The increased profitability of the company has resulted in raising the dividend per year from $1.86 per share to $2.23 per share in the year 2017 (Wesfarmers 2017: Annual Report). The increased cash inflow of the company on account of its improved return on capital has helped in to expand its business operations. As reflected from the directors report of the company, its improved financial performance has resulted from its recent conglomerate structure. The company is presently emphasizing on its strategy of providing improved return to shareholders through realizing larger returns form its industrial businesses in Kmart and Bunnings. Important Financial Figures in Understanding the Financial Performance of the Company As analyzed from the case study, the ASIC has regarded the financial figures disclosed in the directors report in order to gain an insight into the profit or loss realized by a company. The directors of Wesfarmers have also discussed the financial performance of the company in the annual report through the help of some key financial figures (Hussey and Ong, 2005). The financial figures include profit after tax, earnings per share, return on equity and dividend per share. The financial figure relating to profit after tax depicts to the investors regarding the percentage of money earned on per dollar of revenue. The investors can gain an insight into the net profit realized by a company after meeting its all tax related expenditure. It enables the investors to analyze the profitability of a company without the impact of operating leverage thus the investors can actually predict its real financial condition. The earnings per share depict the amount of money earned by a company per ever y outstanding share of stock. It helps the investors to predict the financial profits that a company can provide to its shareholders. The return on equity provides a measure of the profitability of a company in comparison to the net investment (Wesfarmers 2017: Annual Report). The dividend per share of a company indicates the profits earned by the shareholders giants the number of outstanding shares. The key financial figures predicting the financial performance of Wesfarmers Limited can be depicted from its annual report are as follows: Source: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2017-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=0 Management Opinion in the Report about the Financial Figures The operating and financial review presented by the Directors in the annual report the primary objective of the company is to provide good returns to its shareholders. The company aims to achieve strong financial performance in each of its divisional units that will be controlled by the divisional board of directors. The operating and financial review of the company has outlined the major risks and future growth prospects of the company as well based on its key financial figures. The financial performance of the year 2017 has represented the profitability of each of its divisional unit along with providing an analysis of its competitive environment through assessing the financial risk and prospects. The company recorded a net profit after tax (NPAT) of about 2,873 million in the financial year 2017 as compared to that of $1,946 million in the year 2016. Thus, it can be said that there is significant increase of $2,466 million in the current financial year of the company in net profit after tax. The cash flows have also increased from $861 million to $4,226 million in the year 2017 (Wesfarmers 2017: Annual Report). The increase in operational cash inflows indicates the higher earnings growth and adequate managing and controlling of each inventory in all of its retail segments. There is also a decrease in the capital expenditure of the company in the year 2017 to $218 million as compared to $1,681 million in the year 2016. As per the directors review, the decrease in the capital expenditure is due to fewer openings of its retail stores and thus reduction in the operational expenditure across its industrial divisions. The company also has realized proceeds of about $947 million due to divestment of receivables from its Coles divisional unit. The balance sheet of the company has also strengthened mainly due to reduction in the net financial debt that includes interest rate swap assets to about $4,321 million in year 2017 as compared to $2,216 million in the year 2016. Also, there is a significant reduction in the financial cost of the company to about 14.3 per cent from that of the previous year. The management of the company has regarded the increase in its operating cash flows and return on equity on account of its adequate conglomerate structure and its emphasis on improving the cash generation and capital efficiency (Wesfarmers 2017: Annual Report). Assessment of Financial Report in relation to Management Opinion Management has elaborated the financial performance of the company through using the graphs and charts. As per the ASIC reports it is essential to examine the management viewpoint on the performance of the company and what actually has been reported in the financial statements prepared. For instance, the management of the Wesfarmers has point that the in the current year (2016-17) the profitability performance of the company has been increased and they are paying good returns to their shareholders. There is high amount of increase in the revenue of the company due to improvements made in retail and industrial business. It has been told by the managing director that cash generation was quite strong that reflects the company value to increase the return on capital invested in the business. Finance director has elaborated the operating financial position of the different units in the Wesfarmers and according to the report the net profit after tax has been $2873 million AUD which itself a record for the company (Dagwell, Wines and Lambert, 2015). On reinvestigating whole financial statements it has been found that there are no such discrepancies in the management disclosures of the financial performance and that reported under the audited financial statements. So it can be said that there is no change in the financial performance as reported by the management personals and as described in the financial statements of the company. There is major reason behind similarity of management disclosure and what has been disclosed by the audited reports of the company (Wesfarmers 2017: Annual Report). The reason is such that annual reports are prepared after financial statements have been audited and verified by the top management. Top management people provide their statements on the financial performance of the company after reviewing the audited reports of the financial statements so that true and fair picture of the financial statements can be presented in front of the us ers of the annual report (Henderson, 2015). Analysis of the Wesfarmers as the potential investment In order to analyze the company for its potential investment it is necessary to make the detailed interpretation of the financial performance so that investors can use such information to make the judgment regarding their investment in the company. Wesfarmers has varied potential that can attract the investors (Horngren, 2012). Wesfarmers works in different category of business such as retail segment, industry segment, home improvement segment and many others that made a different from other to make the investment. Company has diverse business operations and high growth balance sheet. The retail segment of the company has foreseen major improvement in recent years and it has been monitored by various changed made. Continuous improvements in merchandising and service; increase in customer satisfaction through regular change in interaction at the stores and online purchase; and investment proposals are some of the major highlights in the change of retail segment of the Wesfarmers (Bazl ey, Hancock and Robinson, 2014). The whole group cash generation power has increased out rightly that has provided the management to manage the capital structure and to make the position of the balance sheet strong. Wesfarmers continuously take opportunities to create and to improve the shareholders wealth through proactively management of the portfolio and reviewing the strategies regularly so that business resources are put in high end growth segments of the company. Coles the major segment of the business has faced high competition and pressure of increase sales margin. In this action, the plan is to focus on the budgeted plans and to further enhance the quality of the fresh offer and to improve the merchandising and availability, through driving the operational efficiencies in order to the support investments in the various services and values. There is expectation and budget driven approach to increase the performance of the Home Improvement segment of the business (Wesfarmers 2017: Annual Report). Overall analysis of the part performance of the company shows that company has done exceptional well in year 2017 as compare to other previous year and it makes a valid choice for the investors to make investment in such growing company. The growth of the company is marked with many potential and valid proofs such as increase in dividend payout, high cash generation capacity, solid capital structure and plan to improve the further business segment. This made the Wesfarmers a strong competitor for the other companies in same segment and also for companies that are in competition as a potential investment for the investors (Wesfarmers 2017: Annual Report). Recent Changes for Addressing Executive Remuneration in the United States The given article Reining in Executive Pay has addressed the need for developing implementing laws and regulations for addressing the excessive remuneration of the executives. In this context, the article has particularly examined the excessive pay provided to the executives in the United States. The executives are realizing higher pay in the United States as indicated from the fact that there is increase of about 42 per cent executive remuneration in the year 2008 despite of the collapse of the financial sector of the country. There is significant growth in the executive pay over the consecutive years and thus there is higher need for developing financial reforms in relation to monitoring of pay of executives. In this context, the U.S government ha introduced a legislation knows as shareholder say on pay to be followed by all the publicly traded U.S companies (Executive Compensation and Incentives, 2006). As per the legislation, the shareholders have a right to decide over the matte rs relating to executive remuneration that should be followed by the Board of Directors. In addition to this, the law has also stated that shareholders as per the SEC regulations can appoint their own directors candidates through ballots if the companys present directors does not approve their decisions. Also, it is necessary for the U.S. companies to maintain the independency of the board of directors in appointing and developing the remuneration committee. The Board of Directors must also ensure that the corporations disclose all the relevant information regarding the executive pay and its relation o financial performance. The reforms introduced by the government in relation to monitor and control the excessive pay provided to the executives aims at preventing the increased rewards to executives. This is necessary because the increased rewards provided to executives can drive the misconduct in managers behaviour by manipulating the financial information for achieving higher pays w hen it is linked to the companys financial performance. Effectiveness of reforms on the Shareholders Assumptions to Act The article has discussed the reforms introduced by the U.S. for monitoring the pay structure of executives in order to ensure that executives does not receive higher rewards that drive them to conduct unethical practices for achieving higher benefits. The reforms introduced by the U.S. government known as shareholder say on pay has stated that all the public-listed companies in the country will decide the remuneration of the executives based on the shareholders opinions. Thus, as such it can be said that the effectiveness of the reforms is based on the assumptions that the shareholders will act ethically and right in deciding over the matters of executive remuneration (McDonnell, 2008). However, there are some barriers to effective shareholder control over the executive remuneration. The major obstacle faced by the Board of the company in this regard is developing an effective strategy for creating an effective communication channel for disseminating the information to the sharehold ers. Thus, as such business entities need to induce changes in its business environment to promote effective communication of all the information related to executive remuneration policies to the shareholders. Also, it can be argued by the contract theory that corporations have contractual obligations with the shareholders and therefore they should act in favour of the shareholders to provide them larger returns (Finance Committee, 2016). Thus, the corporations can influence the decision-making power of shareholders in relation to executive pay through promising them larger retunes. Thus, as such shareholders have profit interest in the corporations and therefore the power provided to them for monitoring the executive pay cannot be stated to be right and just. The independency of the shareholders in deciding over the matters of executive remuneration is question of debate as stated in the present article. Therefore, as discussed in the given article there is need for introduction of more better regulations in the U.S. that provides authority to all the stakeholders of a busies corporation not only to shareholders for deciding and monitoring the executive remuneration. Role of Taxation laws and Denying Contract Adoption for Addressing Executive Remuneration The article has stated that shareholders decision in relation to executive remuneration cannot be regarded to be accurate as it is based on assumptions that they will act ethical and fair in deciding the executive pay. Thus, the article has stated that the reforms introduced should provide authority to all the stakeholders including consumers, workers and all the communities that are impacted by corporate operations. This is because the corporations activities can put all its stakeholders to risk and therefore the responsibility of the executive pay decisions should not be provided only to shareholders but to all the stakeholders. In this context, the tax dollars paid by the general public should not help in subsidizing the executive pay in excess. This can result in a significant reduction of millions form the income taxes that corporations pay as excessive executive remuneration. In addition to this, there is need for developing a federal contract with the companies that provides r emuneration to their executive 100 times more than that of their labour wages (Treanor, 2016). The contract would help in reducing the economic inequality as the contract would require that business companies in the U.S. should maintain a fair proportion of the remuneration between its executive and workers and should provide the ratio between the CEO compensation and the workers in their annual report as well. The introduction of such measures will help in developing the strong corporate governance practices for curbing the excessive executive remuneration (McDonnell, 2008). Conclusion It can be inferred from the overall analysis of the report that ASIC plays a major role in protecting the investors interest through providing them suggestions to analyse the annual report disclosures of various corporations. Also, the executive remuneration should not be linked to the financial performance of a company as this can result in occurrence of fraudulent financial activities in a business entity. Recommendations On the basis of the case study analysis, it is recommended to the investors that they should consider the suggestions provided by the ASIC while analysing the annual report of their selected company. This will help in securing the interests of amateur investors do not possess adequate knowledge about the annual disclosures of a company. In addition to this, as analysed from the second case study there is need for developing strong regulations that provides more power to the stakeholders in deciding over the matters of executives remuneration. References Australia. 2011. Australian Corporations Securities Legislation 2011: Corporations Act 2001, ASIC Act 2001, related regulations. CCH Australia Limited. Bazley, M., Hancock, P. and Robinson, P. 2014. Contemporary Accounting PDF. Cengage Learning Australia. Dagwell, R., Wines, G. and Lambert, C. 2015. Corporate Accounting in Australia. Pearson Higher Education AU. Executive Compensation and Incentives. 2006. Retrieved 10 October, 2017 from https://www.lse.ac.uk/fmg/researchProgrammes/corporateFinance/corporateGovernance/pdf/executiveCompensationAndIncentives.pdf Finance Committee. 2016. Recommendations and Decisions of the International Civil Service Commission to the General Assembly (including Changes in Salary Scales and Allowances). Retrieved 10 October, 2017 from https://www.fao.org/3/a-mq160e.pdf Henderson, S. et al. 2015. Issues in Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C. et al. 2012. Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hussey, R. and Ong, A. 2005. International Financial Reporting Standards Desk Reference: Overview, Guide, and Dictionary. John Wiley Sons. McDonnell, B. 2008. Two Goals for Executive Compensation Reform. Retrieved 10 October, 2017 from https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1168context=faculty_articles Treanor, J. 2016. Pay ratios could be made public as part of executive salary reform. Retrieved 10 October, 2017 from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jul/25/pay-ratios-could-be-made-public-as-part-of-executive-salary-reform Wesfarmers 2017 Annual Report. Retrieved 10 October, 2017 from https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2017-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=0

Sex Ed and Premarital Sex Essay Example

Sex Ed and Premarital Sex Essay Controversial Speech- Eliza Froemel Should Sex Ed be taught in school? Intro: I remember when I was in 5th grade in Hayward Intermediate School in Mrs. Helander’s class. We learned songs that helped us remember The Preamble of the Constitution, and songs that helped us remember that before a bill became affective it was sent to Capitol Hill to be approved or vetoed. I also remember when we watched a video that had a singing sperm, and a singing egg. I thought it was the funniest thing that was taught in school and couldn’t keep myself from cracking up. But I understood what the video was talking about. I was a kid who, at a young age, was taught by my mother about sex because she got pregnant with me at such a young age she worried, and still does worry, about me following in her footsteps. So my mom had no problem when I came home from school that day and told her what I’d seen at school. Not everyone, though, is as cool with it as my mom was. I: Students who have Sex Education are more likely to have premarital sex. A. In the article Carnal Knowledge: The Sex Ed Debate By Molly Masland, she introduces Tamara Kreinin who is the president of the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Ed and Premarital Sex specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Ed and Premarital Sex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Ed and Premarital Sex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tamara says, â€Å"Young people are going to learn about sex and our question has to be where do we want them to learn? From the media? From their friends? Or from a educated, responsible adult? † So what Tamara is saying is that younger kids are going to learn about sex regardless of whether or not we teach it in school, so we should teach them in an educational way instead of them learning from unreliable sources such as friends or the media. B. NPR, The Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard’s Kennedy School of Gov’t did a survey that showed that only 7 percent of Americans say that sex educations should not be taught in school. For me, that brought up the question, well if only 7 percent of Americans disagree with the teaching of it, why aren’t we teaching it in schools everywhere? C. Genevieve Wood, Vice President of Communicators at Family Research Council said, â€Å"What people really want is for their children to be taught an abstinence-centered education. By an almost 5 to 1 margin, parents approve or strongly approve of character-based, abstinence sex education. † What Wood is saying is that a staggering 5-1 ratio of parents approve of sex education. This also brought back my question, if it’s that one-sided, and it clearly seems to be a one-sided argument by this information, then why aren’t we teaching it everywhere? II. Some experts argue that sex education shouldn’t be taught in school. A. Robert Welch, the founder of The John Birch Society (an American radical-right wing political advocacy group that supports anti-communism, limited government, Americentrism and personal freedom) decided that sex education is a â€Å"filthy Communist plot. † B. According to the article Carnal Knowledge: The Sex Ed Debate, A Florida mother named Jodi Hoffman sued the Broward County Public Schools, claiming that their sex education classes were too explicit. She believes that sex education should only be taught at home, never in schools, in order to teach children the values the parents want to instill in them. Also, she spoke of the religious aspect. The school’s program clashed with her family’s religious beliefs. Hoffman said waiting until marriage to have sex â€Å"is the way God intended it to be. That’s how it’s taught in the Bible and those rules were not written for no reason. † C. In the essay Sex Education Should Be Taught By Parents, Not Schools by Eric Badertscher and Denise Grier, they claim that â€Å"school programs are said to treat the concept of sex as purely biological, without taking into consideration its mental, spiritual, emotional and social aspects. † What they’re saying is that when sex education is taught in school, the school only teaches the science of sex. They don’t let students know there’s other aspects to sex besides science such as emotions and mental aspects. They don’t teach students how to deal with their feelings about it, and at home that would happen. Conclusion: Think back to when you were in elementary, middle, and high school. Were you taught a form of sex education at school? And if so, did your parents agree with it? Now, if you have kids or plan to have kids, which way will you prefer for them to learn about sex? I’m sure there’s divided opinions among us, so who’s to say which way is right? Sex Ed and Premarital Sex Essay Example Sex Ed and Premarital Sex Essay Controversial Speech- Eliza Froemel Should Sex Ed be taught in school? Intro: I remember when I was in 5th grade in Hayward Intermediate School in Mrs. Helander’s class. We learned songs that helped us remember The Preamble of the Constitution, and songs that helped us remember that before a bill became affective it was sent to Capitol Hill to be approved or vetoed. I also remember when we watched a video that had a singing sperm, and a singing egg. I thought it was the funniest thing that was taught in school and couldn’t keep myself from cracking up. But I understood what the video was talking about. I was a kid who, at a young age, was taught by my mother about sex because she got pregnant with me at such a young age she worried, and still does worry, about me following in her footsteps. So my mom had no problem when I came home from school that day and told her what I’d seen at school. Not everyone, though, is as cool with it as my mom was. I: Students who have Sex Education are more likely to have premarital sex. A. In the article Carnal Knowledge: The Sex Ed Debate By Molly Masland, she introduces Tamara Kreinin who is the president of the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Ed and Premarital Sex specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Ed and Premarital Sex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Ed and Premarital Sex specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tamara says, â€Å"Young people are going to learn about sex and our question has to be where do we want them to learn? From the media? From their friends? Or from a educated, responsible adult? † So what Tamara is saying is that younger kids are going to learn about sex regardless of whether or not we teach it in school, so we should teach them in an educational way instead of them learning from unreliable sources such as friends or the media. B. NPR, The Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard’s Kennedy School of Gov’t did a survey that showed that only 7 percent of Americans say that sex educations should not be taught in school. For me, that brought up the question, well if only 7 percent of Americans disagree with the teaching of it, why aren’t we teaching it in schools everywhere? C. Genevieve Wood, Vice President of Communicators at Family Research Council said, â€Å"What people really want is for their children to be taught an abstinence-centered education. By an almost 5 to 1 margin, parents approve or strongly approve of character-based, abstinence sex education. † What Wood is saying is that a staggering 5-1 ratio of parents approve of sex education. This also brought back my question, if it’s that one-sided, and it clearly seems to be a one-sided argument by this information, then why aren’t we teaching it everywhere? II. Some experts argue that sex education shouldn’t be taught in school. A. Robert Welch, the founder of The John Birch Society (an American radical-right wing political advocacy group that supports anti-communism, limited government, Americentrism and personal freedom) decided that sex education is a â€Å"filthy Communist plot. † B. According to the article Carnal Knowledge: The Sex Ed Debate, A Florida mother named Jodi Hoffman sued the Broward County Public Schools, claiming that their sex education classes were too explicit. She believes that sex education should only be taught at home, never in schools, in order to teach children the values the parents want to instill in them. Also, she spoke of the religious aspect. The school’s program clashed with her family’s religious beliefs. Hoffman said waiting until marriage to have sex â€Å"is the way God intended it to be. That’s how it’s taught in the Bible and those rules were not written for no reason. † C. In the essay Sex Education Should Be Taught By Parents, Not Schools by Eric Badertscher and Denise Grier, they claim that â€Å"school programs are said to treat the concept of sex as purely biological, without taking into consideration its mental, spiritual, emotional and social aspects. † What they’re saying is that when sex education is taught in school, the school only teaches the science of sex. They don’t let students know there’s other aspects to sex besides science such as emotions and mental aspects. They don’t teach students how to deal with their feelings about it, and at home that would happen. Conclusion: Think back to when you were in elementary, middle, and high school. Were you taught a form of sex education at school? And if so, did your parents agree with it? Now, if you have kids or plan to have kids, which way will you prefer for them to learn about sex? I’m sure there’s divided opinions among us, so who’s to say which way is right?

Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan Article

Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan Article Beddow, M., Hymes, R. McAuslan, P. (2011). Hair color stereotypes and their associated perceptions in relationships and the workplace. PSI CHI Journal of Undergraduate Research, 16(1), 1089-4136. Introduction A number of researches on hair color stereotypes and their associated perceptions prompted the current research. For instance, a research conducted by Lawson (1971) on hair color preferences enlightened on the affinity of certain colors.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan Article specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Clayson and Klassen (1989) also confirmed this enlightenment when they found differing perceptions towards various models presented in the study. Another important study was done by Feinman and Gill (1978) indicating that color preference might not be affected by gender. However, hair color of the population majority is preferred as Thelen (1983) found out. Other previ ous studies this topic focused on personality trait perceptions such as that done by Weir and Fine-Davis (1989) who found that people tend to perceive blondes as more popular, feminine and beautiful than brunettes and redheads. Rich and Cash (1993) reinforced the study by showing that broads were more popular and appeared more frequently in magazines. For hostility towards redheads, Heckert and Best (1997) reaffirmed the earlier study by Weir and Fine-Davis and extended to show that people perceive redheads to be exceptionally smart despite other perceptions. Kyle and Mahler (1996) contradicted some of the earlier findings by showing that people perceive brunettes to be competent and intelligent than blondes and red heads. Apparently, it is due to this lack of consistency in previous studies that promoted the current research. In order to have a defined focus of the study, Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan developed three hypotheses. First, they hypothesized that certain personality traits would be perceptually related to a certain hair color: that the participants would find blondes more attractive, feminine and immature; brunettes more intelligent, successful, mature and stronger work ethics; and redheads more aggressive and emotional. Second, they hypothesized that the male and female models with brown hair would be viewed more favorably in the work setting than in the date setting. Third, it was hypothesized that the typical stereotypes associated with hair color would become stronger when combined with situations common to these stereotypes. Indeed, the main goal of the study is to enrich the previous research by examining the effects of stereotypes with respect to hair color, setting and gender. Methods The tested sample consisted of 180 participants all of which were undergraduate students from a Midwestern university. These participants were of varying ages, from different ethnic groups, wore different hair colors and had completed an introductory level psych ology course.Advertising Looking for critical writing on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For this qualitative study, the researchers examined the perception of the participants towards three color models with respect to work ethics, maturity, emotional, success and aggressiveness within the work and dating setting. This means that the variables included the three color models, work ethics, maturity, emotional, success and aggressiveness. The study design was a correlation in which the researchers compared some variables against others. Specifically, the authors attempted to investigate the relationship between specific hair colors and certain qualities including work ethic, maturity, emotional, success and aggressiveness. The study was also designed to compare the outcome on two broader circumstances: working and dating setting. The study procedure involved the development of questionnaire packets which directed the participants to pretend that they had visited a social network site to search for information about male and female target of the model. The participants then rated the individual models shown on the projector screen according to the directed scenario in the questionnaire packet. Later, the participants completed a brief demographic questionnaire. Results The results supported hypothesis number one that differential perceptions associated with hair color do exist. In regard to blonde hair stereotypes, the participants in this study considered blondes as more mature in a dating setting. For brown hair stereotypes, participants rated brown-haired men as the most masculine. The results also supported hypothesis number two that brown hair models would be viewed more favorably in the work setting than in the date setting. For the models, the participants perceived that the blonde model was the least successful in the worker setting while the brown and red hair as the most s uccessful in the same setting. Similarly, the brown hair models were perceived to be competent and industrious which suggests that that an emotional display in the workplace setting would contradict these qualities. Indeed, the brown haired model was perceived to be the most successful in work setting, consistent with the general stereotypes of competence and intelligence, thus resulting in success. The results also supported hypothesis number three that stereotypes associated with hair color would become stronger when combined with situations common to these stereotypes. For instance, temperamental redhead stereotype manifested itself in the participants, contrasting itself with the blonde model. However, the finding that failed to support hypothesis three as the participants did not perceive blondes to be more attractive in the dating setting as hypothesized.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan Article specifically for yo u for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion The researchers interpreted data in terms of probability and standard deviations of the measures associated with variables. For instance, a worker ethic measure with a standard deviation more than 1.00 was generally considered high as well as a probability greater than 0.01. However, in correlating two variables, the authors considered a difference in the range of 1 percent. In essence, a difference of 0.01 in standard deviation was a significant comparative measure. For instance, the authors regarded the gender models as having a variation in work ethic simply because the difference in standard deviation between male and female model was 0.01 (1.32-1.31). The major findings were that the blonde hair models were mature in dating implying dating experience. This aligns with the previous studies that blonde haired models stereotypes are attractive and flirts by the fact that the greater dating experience make them feel more uncomfortable. Regarding the brown haired models, the findings suggest that men are most masculine, competent and industrious which coincides with the previous studies. For instance, the success in work setting reflects a research done by Takeda et al (2006) which showed that blondes are underrepresented in the workforce. The findings also indicate that the red haired models are temperamental and aggressive in nature which is also in harmony with previous studies (Feinman Gill, 1978). Critical reaction The authors’ logic is sound and clear as depicted in the flow of the arguments. From the start, they highlight the purpose of the research as to enrich the previous studies by examining the effects of the hair color stereotype. This is followed by their reasoning that the previous studies identified the stereotypes but did not consider their effects. Through the analysis of data collected from a diverse sample that can represent the entire population, the authors demonst rate the different effects of various stereotypes identified in the literature. The data is logically analyzed for individual models with reference to the perception of the participants. The hypotheses developed by the authors are clear because they confirm the focus of the study and the variables relevant to the study. In harmony with the aim of the study, these hypotheses attempt to test the findings of the previous literature.Advertising Looking for critical writing on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The various researches presented in the literature are adequate enough to suggest a deficiency in research pertaining to the effects of hair color stereotypes that were identified long time ago. However, the research articles used are not current and one may be compelled to assume that the authors omitted the contribution of contemporary gurus in this area. The various variables included in this study are work ethic, maturity, emotional, success and aggressiveness. This collection however, omitted several important variables including goal commitment, interaction and defiance. These variables might be important in future studies due to their direct relationship with the human way of thinking. With a particular focus on working and dating setting, the three variables are perceived by people as success factors. Therefore, it is justified to suggest that hair color stereotypes will be influenced greatly by these variables. The sample tested by Beddow, Hymes and McAuslan was appropriate for this study due to two key reasons. First, the sample was diverse in various characteristics that may influence human perception such as ethnicity and age. Second, the sample comprised of participants who had psychological freedom to give genuine responses after undergoing the physiological course. These facts suggest that the sample could represent the population that the authors based their conclusions on. The results of this study suggest that further research is needed on this topic because it is clear that the subjects were not exhausted. For instance, the findings were not enough to determine whether the participants perceived brown haired model to be more aggressive than the red haired models. In addition, there could be gaps in this research associated with the scale used to measure the results and the reliability of the instruments is not determined. A follow-up to this study may perhaps use a new methodology that can correlate the stereotype results of this study with other studies related to the topic. This methodology should have the capacity to identify the most relevant variables to study through experimental approaches. For instance, hypothesizing that the relationship between hair color stereotypes and the variables (work ethic, maturity, emotional, success and aggressiveness) is defined by other factors (commitment, interaction and defiance) would serve to include other relevant variables pertinent to human perceptions. In connection to coursework, this article reflects the various components of a research paper in addition to the issues that are emended in psychology topics which need research attention. The first and important thing in a research is to select a researchable topic. This topic will then determine the research focus in reviewing the literature as well as the deficiencies and weaknesses existing in the literature which require further consideration. Moreover, the article is important to a psychology student as a source of mo tivation for research. The authors have developed a research problem by simply acknowledging the efforts of other researchers. This study implies to the general public in that, it facilitates the understanding on how to categorize the people around them. Naturally, it is important to comprehend what surrounds us and appreciate what others can offer in order to live in harmony. Perhaps by understanding the hair color stereotypes, we avoid laying blame on individuals based on our observation. This is because people justify actions differently. Therefore, this study advices us to reach a viable conclusion before judging others and imposing penalties. References Beddow, M., Hymes, R. McAuslan, P. (2011). Hair color stereotypes and their associated perceptions in relationships and the workplace. PSI CHI Journal of Undergraduate Research, 16(1), 1089-4136. Clayson, D. E. Klassen, M. L. (1989). Perception of attractiveness by obesity and hair color. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68(1), 19 9-202. Feinman, S. Gill, G. W. (1978). Sex differences in physical attractiveness preferences. The Journal of Social Psychology, 105(1), 43-52. Heckert, D. M. Best, A. (1997). Ugly duckling to swan: labeling theory and the stigmatization of red hair. Symbolic Interaction, 20(4), 365-384. Kyle, D. J. Mahler, H. I. (1996). The effects of hair color and cosmetic use on perceptions of female’s ability. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(3), 447-455. Lawson, E. D. (1971). Hair color, personality and the observer. Psychological Reports, 28(1), 311-312. Rich, M. K. Cash, T. F. (1993). The American image of beauty: media representations of hair color for four decades. Sex Roles, 29(1-2), 113-124. Takeda, M. B, Helms, M. M. Romanova, N. (2006). Hair color stereotyping and CEO selection in the United Kingdom. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 13(3), 85-99. Thelen, T. H. (1983). Minority type human mate preference. Social Biology, 30(2), 162-180. Weir, S. Fine-Da vis, M. (1989). ‘Dumb blonde’ and ‘temperamental redhead’: the effect of hair colour on some attributed personality characteristic of women. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 11-19.

A Critical Regulatory Issue in Health Care

In the economy, the demand from consumers and the production costs will help guide and form a firm structure. Many health care organizations need to use good thinking tasks to make proper decisions. More issues include: patient autonomy, termination of patient treatment, advance directives, confidentiality, and informed consent. Back in the day, hospitals received charitable donations from internal sources of the community. Hospitals are thriving in developing new technology and new science. The price of the new technology for the findings that have sky rocketed and can create future financial concern. The development of new technology can broaden the areas for treatment and if they have the correct tools to perform treatment, then they will get to experience the cost of it as well. With having the new technology in most organizations, patient’s will receive less one on one time with the doctors to ask questions. I have noticed this through a personal experience of mine. I remember I would be in the doctors forever when I was a little girl and nowadays, I am usually in there for a quick visit. The patients pay a lot of money to receive less guidance from your doctor or though it may seem. Paying for health insurance s definitely a costly additive for the patient and does not get any cheaper to carry coverage on their family. Issues with the new technology and science will create more training and certification. This will be an additional cost to the health care facility of where they are introducing the new technology equipment. This can also cause staff to be less interacti ve with their patients because they are focusing on the new programs, equipment, ect. Although, the cost will be noticeable now, but once training and the proper use of equipment is learned, the facility will be saving money in the end. New sciences can develop more jobs and may also create the areas to have a more trained professional who has a distinct job description of the study of the issue. Patient autonomy is where the patients have a right to decide for their own medical care. This decision should not include an influential decision made by the patient’s health care provider but the health care provider is allowed to educate their patients about their possible concerns. The termination of a patient could simply be because the provider may be relocating or retiring. There are cases where a managed care plan may no longer be taking the patient’s insurance coverage. The physician needs to follow the correct steps in order to terminate a patient from their facility because if the physician does not follow the proper steps, then they may run into ethical issues if the patient isn’t given a reasonable cause for this action. An advance health care directive is a written statement of how the patient is wanting to receive treatment in case of a severe injury, illness, or incapacitated which will cause the patient not being able to make their own decisions. It is also known as a Living Will which will help the family members know what their loved ones wanted in case this happened. One of the most critical issues is confidentiality. It is the physician’s role to keep the patient’s medical information kept between the physician and patients. Full disclosure of patient information can help the physician diagnose medical conditions with the proper treatment. The only way the patient’s information may be distributed is by signing a consent form to release their personal information. Informed consent is giving a medical professional consent to perform a procedure or a test that is needed for a health concern. The language on the document of an informed consent must be understood and readable for the patient. Once they have finished reading the document, then a signature from the patient is required because of they perform a procedure that could cause medical harm during it. The patient could go back and sue the facility for not properly following their regulations. In the consent for the patient, there should be statements describing the certain procedure of what the physicians will be performing. The informed consent needs to be given during a specific time frame before the procedure. In conclusion, these ethical issues can be prevented with the proper training of the field. Proper training will lead to better quality of care and safe practices within an organization. The cost of health care will still be an issue down the road because the technology and the new findings of diseases will continue to increase. Following rules and regulations will help organizations grow in a positive setting. It is important for all facilities to become known to a comfortable structure so that they are financially set for any new changes. New changes don’t only benefit the doctors but it also benefits the patient that is receiving the treatment. References 1. Mariner, W. (1995). Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics. â€Å"Business versus Medical Ethics: Conflicting Standards for Managed Care† pg. 237. http://www. jblearning. com/samples/076374526X/4526X_CH14_235_250. pdf 2. Allison, David, Arch, D. , Uriel Cohen. (2009). The Center for Health Design. Critical Issues in Healthcare Environments. http://www. healthdesign. org/chd/research/critical-issues-healthcare-environments A Critical Regulatory Issue in Health Care In the economy, the demand from consumers and the production costs will help guide and form a firm structure. Many health care organizations need to use good thinking tasks to make proper decisions. More issues include: patient autonomy, termination of patient treatment, advance directives, confidentiality, and informed consent. Back in the day, hospitals received charitable donations from internal sources of the community. Hospitals are thriving in developing new technology and new science. The price of the new technology for the findings that have sky rocketed and can create future financial concern. The development of new technology can broaden the areas for treatment and if they have the correct tools to perform treatment, then they will get to experience the cost of it as well. With having the new technology in most organizations, patient’s will receive less one on one time with the doctors to ask questions. I have noticed this through a personal experience of mine. I remember I would be in the doctors forever when I was a little girl and nowadays, I am usually in there for a quick visit. The patients pay a lot of money to receive less guidance from your doctor or though it may seem. Paying for health insurance s definitely a costly additive for the patient and does not get any cheaper to carry coverage on their family. Issues with the new technology and science will create more training and certification. This will be an additional cost to the health care facility of where they are introducing the new technology equipment. This can also cause staff to be less interacti ve with their patients because they are focusing on the new programs, equipment, ect. Although, the cost will be noticeable now, but once training and the proper use of equipment is learned, the facility will be saving money in the end. New sciences can develop more jobs and may also create the areas to have a more trained professional who has a distinct job description of the study of the issue. Patient autonomy is where the patients have a right to decide for their own medical care. This decision should not include an influential decision made by the patient’s health care provider but the health care provider is allowed to educate their patients about their possible concerns. The termination of a patient could simply be because the provider may be relocating or retiring. There are cases where a managed care plan may no longer be taking the patient’s insurance coverage. The physician needs to follow the correct steps in order to terminate a patient from their facility because if the physician does not follow the proper steps, then they may run into ethical issues if the patient isn’t given a reasonable cause for this action. An advance health care directive is a written statement of how the patient is wanting to receive treatment in case of a severe injury, illness, or incapacitated which will cause the patient not being able to make their own decisions. It is also known as a Living Will which will help the family members know what their loved ones wanted in case this happened. One of the most critical issues is confidentiality. It is the physician’s role to keep the patient’s medical information kept between the physician and patients. Full disclosure of patient information can help the physician diagnose medical conditions with the proper treatment. The only way the patient’s information may be distributed is by signing a consent form to release their personal information. Informed consent is giving a medical professional consent to perform a procedure or a test that is needed for a health concern. The language on the document of an informed consent must be understood and readable for the patient. Once they have finished reading the document, then a signature from the patient is required because of they perform a procedure that could cause medical harm during it. The patient could go back and sue the facility for not properly following their regulations. In the consent for the patient, there should be statements describing the certain procedure of what the physicians will be performing. The informed consent needs to be given during a specific time frame before the procedure. In conclusion, these ethical issues can be prevented with the proper training of the field. Proper training will lead to better quality of care and safe practices within an organization. The cost of health care will still be an issue down the road because the technology and the new findings of diseases will continue to increase. Following rules and regulations will help organizations grow in a positive setting. It is important for all facilities to become known to a comfortable structure so that they are financially set for any new changes. New changes don’t only benefit the doctors but it also benefits the patient that is receiving the treatment. References 1. Mariner, W. (1995). Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics. â€Å"Business versus Medical Ethics: Conflicting Standards for Managed Care† pg. 237. http://www. jblearning. com/samples/076374526X/4526X_CH14_235_250. pdf 2. Allison, David, Arch, D. , Uriel Cohen. (2009). The Center for Health Design. Critical Issues in Healthcare Environments. http://www. healthdesign. org/chd/research/critical-issues-healthcare-environments

Women in the Workplace and the US Economy Essay

Women in the Workplace and the US Economy - Essay Example The number of female CEOs, leaders and entrepreneurs has increased several times1. It does not mean that women have become more man-like or that their abilities have improved. The cause of this change is that women have been finally noticed by man-ruled world. According to statistics, women's share in administrative and managerial positions (year 2000) was approximately 30 percent. Moreover, United States has the highest share of women in decision making related to national economy. The gap between men and women work participation fell from 50 percent in 1950 to only 15 percent in 1998. As it was noted at the International Women's Policy Research Conference, "without dramatic infusion of women into the workforce, the economic expansion of the last 50 years would not have been possible; the economy would have been plagued by a shortage of workers.2" In addition, the labor costs would have add to the inflation - the fewer workers would lead to the decreased family incomes and federal revenues. Further, the production level would drop and lead to the economic deficit. Women participation in workforce has the same positive impact on the American economy today as it had in 1950s. In few years the baby boomers will start to retire, working wome n will become the foundation of economic expansion. Even if the workforce will grow at 1 percent per year, the ... Nevertheless, these dramatic projections can be avoided, as economists note, if women participation in workforce is encouraged and supported. Looking back on the historical role of women, they have increased the workforce by 30 percent after the WW II and have laid the foundation for the sustained employment gains during that time3. In addition to the general contribution of working women to American economy, there are also numerous advantages women bring to the success of national companies. Today more and more companies are recruiting and promoting women into senior positions. Women succeed not only in positions and industries historically considered appropriate for them, but in the areas which were always male dominated - manufacturing, engineers and especially financial services. Half of the Fortune 500 companies have women on their corporate board of directors4. There are several reasons why women are being sought for leading positions. First, they represent the previously unnoticed pool of talents. Second, they bring the new dimension to the management of group. Third, women bring alternative perspectives to the table. As the result, the increased number of women in the workplace creates the competitive advantage because 80 percent of all consumers spending in American is done by women. Thus female leader s understand better the needs of customers. Increased spending is good not only for the company's revenues, but for the whole economy as well. In addition to being successful leaders of corporations, women have proved to be highly skilled in operating small firms. The majority women-owned firms are growing at the rate twice the American average. These firms contribute $1.1 trillion in revenues to

Orthodontic Appliances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Orthodontic Appliances - Essay Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Fixed Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Functional Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Removable Functional Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Fixed Functional Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 List of Tables Table I. Effects, Reasons and Factors to Consider in Orthodontic Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Table II. Components of Removable Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Table III. Advantages and Disadvantages of Removable Appliance . . . . . . 7 Table IV. Types of Removable Appliance According to Force Applied . . . . . . 8 Table V. Clinical Observations with Fixed Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Table VI. Advantages of Functional Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table VII. Disadvantages of Removable Functional Appliance . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table VIII. Twin Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table IX. Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed Functional Appliance . . . . . 16 Table X. Disadvantages of Fixed Functional Appliance Herbst and Jasper Jumper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... It was credited to physician Pierre Fauchard (regarded as father of dentistry) at the start of 18th century in France who described an appliance called as â€Å"Bandlette† (now known as expansion arch (Graber TM 1966, cited in Vijayalakshmi & Veereshi 2010, p. 11). He was the first to attempt moving the teeth using Bandlette, an arched flat strip of metal with holes for threads to pass through and apply force upon the teeth. The first fixed appliance used in orthodontics is attributed to Pierre Fauchard while the first removable appliance recognized in orthodontic practice was the Coffin plate introduced by Coffin during the late 19th century (Vijayalakshmi & Veereshi 2010). The Coffin plate had a spring (still present in the current appliances) made of piano wire (Proffit & Fields 1999; Graber N 1977, cited in Vijayalakshmi & Veereshi 2010). The fixed or removable appliance adjusts the teeth slowly and cautiously to prevent extreme pain and damage to the teeth (Cunningham, Ho rrocks, Hunt, et al. 2000). Lionel (2005) said that orthodontic therapy affects the dimension of dental arches that could lead to relapse, thus requiring post-treatment. There is also a tendency for malocclusion to recur, he added. Malocclusion refers to the atypical arrangement of the teeth or jaws (Cunningham, Horrocks, Hunt, et al. 2000). Malocclusion should be treated because it may lead to diseases, cause dysfunction of the jaw (that affects speech and mastication, or leads to Tempero-Mandibular Disorder), affects aesthetic features of the face that may have negative psychological implication, and damage to teeth (Mascia n.d.). Table I Effects,

Charleston Dance Essay Example for Free

Charleston Dance Essay The Ibans perform a unique dance called the ngajat. It serves many purposes depending on the occasion. During Gawais, it is used to entertain the people who in the olden days enjoy graceful ngajats as a form of entertainment. The origin of this indigenous dance is not clearly known but it is believed to have been in existence along with the Iban tribe since the 16th Century. The Ngajat dance is believed to have been performed by warriors on their return from battles. . The male dancers wear large feathers as part of their headgear, hold an ornate and long shield in their hand with chains, beads and a loincloth called the ‘cawat’. The female dancers have an elaborate headdress, chains, beads and a ‘dress’ that reaches to below their knees with intricate weaving. Traditionally this dance was only performed by male dancers but not anymore. The dance is arranged straight lines and in a circle and does involve dramatic leaps and jumps performed by the male dancers. If the real tradition, the music if we dance ngajat we use the life music which have someone o group who play the music such as gong, Gongs and other ethnic percussion instruments such as the ‘enkeromong’, ‘bendai’, ‘canang’ and ‘dumbak or ketebong’ provide the music. The musicians may be either male oThe pride in knowing how to perform the ‘ngajat,’ the Iban traditional dance must be kept burning among the Iban youngsters. The young Ibans should look back to the days of their parents or forefathers when there was so much pride in knowing how to perform the ‘ngajat’. Ngajat is a warrior dance of the Iban tribe in Sarawak. It is said that ngajat is performed by the warriors upon their successful return, to celebrate their victory in battle. Today, the dance is performed as part of the Gawai Dayak celebrations. When performing the dance, the male dancers wear a headgear made from the tail feathers of the hornbill (though nowadays most likely artificial feather may be used, to save the birds). He holds a long sword in one hand and an ornately decorated shield in the other. Around his chest are necklaces made of beads and cowrie shells, and he wore a ceremonial cawat, or loincloth. The dancer make slow movements, as though stalking the enemy. This is interspersed with dramatic prances as though he is leaping forward to attack. The dance is performed accompanied by the music from tribal musical instruments, usually percussions, including the enkeromong, bendai, canang and dumbak or ketebong. There are several Ngajat dance such as Ngajat Induk, Ngajat bebunoh, Ngajat Lesong, Ngajat Semain, Ngajat Berayah and Ngajat â€Å"â€Å"Ngemai antu pala† Moreover, it symbolize the happy ending of another cycle of padi planting season, welcoming the God of Farming to the feast and giving thanks for the bountiful and successful harvest. In the past, a â€Å"Ngajat Semain† was performed by young Iban boys and girls who have just complete their Ngajat lessons taught to them after the heavy work of clearing the forest and burning season is over. The tempo of this Ngajat performed by the girls is slow and graceful displaying the beautiful design pattern of the newly completed â€Å"Pua Kumbu† woven by the girls during the farming cycle. As for the young boys, the tempo is also slow displaying their martial artistic and balancing skills in preparation to enter their adulthood life. This means that they will take more adult responsibility in the next farming season. This is also an opportunity for them to display their beautiful costumes, headgears, amulets such as Engkerimok, Simpai, Tumpa Bala and of course their new fully decorated swords and its design. At the present day, the Ngajat music and dance are perform to preserve the Iban Culture and for the younger generation to value the unique of it the dancer dance follow the music that have a group who play the music. These is the traditional dane,which the most popular in Sarawak. The Ibans perform a unique dance called the ngajat. It serves many purposes depending on the occasion. During Gawais, it is used to entertain the people who in the olden days enjoy graceful ngajats as a form of entertainment. The origin of this indigenous dance is not clearly known but it is believed to have been in existence along with the Iban tribe since the 16th Century. The Ngajat dance is believed to have been performed by warriors on their return from battles.. The male dancers wear large feathers as part of their headgear, hold an ornate and long shield in their hand with chains, beads and a loincloth called the ‘cawat’. The female dancers have an elaborate headdress, chains, beads and a ‘dress’ that reaches to below their knees with intricate weaving. Traditionally this dance was only performed by male dancers but not anymore. The dance is arranged straight lines and in a circle and does involve dramatic leaps and jumps performed by the male dancers. If the real tradition, the music if we dance ngajat we use the life music which have someone o group who play the music such as gong, Gongs and other ethnic percussion instruments such as the ‘enkeromong’, ‘bendai’, ‘canang’ and ‘dumbak or ketebong’ provide the music. The musicians may be either male oThe pride in knowing how to perform the ‘ngajat,’ the Iban traditional dance must be kept burning among the Iban youngsters. The young Ibans should look back to the days of their parents or forefathers when there was so much pride in knowing how to perform the ‘ngajat’. Ngajat is a warrior dance of the Iban tribe in Sarawak. It is said that ngajat is performed by the warriors upon their successful return, to celebrate their victory in battle. Today, the dance is performed as part of the Gawai Dayak celebrations. When performing the dance, the male dancers wear a headgear made from the tail feathers of the hornbill (though nowadays most likely artificial feather may be used, to save the birds). He holds a long sword in one hand and an ornately decorated shield in the other. Around his chest are necklaces made of beads and cowrie shells, and he wore a ceremonial cawat, or loincloth. The dancer make slow movements, as though stalking the enemy. This is interspersed with dramatic prances as though he is leaping forward to attack. The dance is performed accompanied by the music from tribal musical instruments, usually percussions, including the enkeromong, bendai, canang and dumbak or ketebong. There are several Ngajat dance such as Ngajat Induk, Ngajat bebunoh, Ngajat Lesong, Ngajat Semain, Ngajat Berayah and Ngajat â€Å"â€Å"Ngemai antu pala† Moreover, it symbolize the happy ending of another cycle of padi planting season, welcoming the God of Farming to the feast and giving thanks for the bountiful and successful harvest. In the past, a â€Å"Ngajat Semain† was performed by young Iban boys and girls who have just complete their Ngajat lessons taught to them after the heavy work of clearing the forest and burning season is over. The tempo of this Ngajat performed by the girls is slow and graceful displaying the beautiful design pattern of the newly completed â€Å"Pua Kumbu† woven by the girls during the farming cycle. As for the young boys, the tempo is also slow displaying their martial artistic and balancing skills in preparation to enter their adulthood life. This means that they will take more adult responsibility in the next farming season. This is also an opportunity for them to display their beautiful costumes, headgears, amulets such as Engkerimok, Simpai, Tumpa Bala and of course their new fully decorated swords and its design. At the present day, the Ngajat music and dance are perform to preserve the Iban Culture and for the younger generation to value the unique of it the dancer dance follow the music that have a group who play the music. These is the traditional dane,which the most popular in Sarawak.

Cyprus :: History

Cyprus A TIME TO REMEMBER Experience cautions us that irreparable damage could be done by those who somehow seem to regard Cyprus as a dazzling intellectual challenge and fail to put human faces behind the issues. Of one thing we can be sure: They will not be around when their ill-conceived paper glory is blown away in the storm that is bound to follow. It has been 35 years since the stationing on the island of a UN peace-keeping force that could prevent neither a secret invasion by Greece nor the continuation of the entire range of faits accomplis created by force over the next 11 years. KORKMAZ HAKTANIR Founding Member of the Cyprus Foundation It was September, still warm in daytime, but a welcome cool descended on the central plain by nightfall. The window panes had cracks in them and there were bullet holes on the walls. The house was on what used to be the northern edge of the Turkish quarter. No one had lived on the second floor since it had come under gunfire from a tall and ugly building down the street occupied by Greek Cypriots. I was the first tenant after many years. When I began, in this way, to live in Northern Cyprus more than twenty years ago, my neighbor was an elderly lady who had not seen the sea for eight years after 1963. In the afternoon, she sat on the porch in the shade of the lemon tree in her garden and watched over her grandchildren. Nalan hanà ½m and her family had survived those traumatic years in caves, in tents and in enclaves into which Turkish Cypriots had been squeezed, leaving behind loved ones, homes and property, and a peaceful life. She always felt living on an island without a glimpse of the Mediterranean around her had been the worst punishment of all. This experience alone seemed to symbolize in her mind the unforgotten fears, abuse, desperation and isolation of those years. She recalled how she had ventured to the northern shore and stared at the sea for the first time after so many years, feeling the cool breeze on her face. The policy of doing away with Turkish Cypriots was by that time being pursued through sever e economic sanctions, this time to squeeze them out of the island. She was then, like the rest of her people, still a hostage in her own homeland.

Gemeinschaft vs Gesellschaft Communities

First of all, we need to understand the difference between Gamesmanship and Escalating communities. The terms Gamesmanship (community) and Escalating (society) were derived from a famous sociologist, Toneless, Ferdinand (1855-1936). Modernization Is destroying the close knit communities that are considered Shamelessness and making them more Like a Escalating community (Donovan, 1996, p. 4). Gamesmanship society is a community that is tightly knitted together.They survive on their own resources and are opposed o relying on any type of modernization for help. It is a community that relies completely on each other for survival and support, as a result not needing to rely on the government. By living In their own structure, they are able to control all aspects of life such as religion; schools; medical; and food. Having their own regulated rules, there Is no need for police or Jails. They do not use technology but rely on the earth for their everyday needs.Ralph Salesman (1976) implied t hat it is an established community that allows everyone to share the same beliefs and assets, regardless of heir abilities and strengths as long as they follow the rules of the community. There were some allowances made for a few of them that may be a little boisterous. It Is a community that stays focused and helps each other out no matter how big or small the problem may be. There Is no ridicule or Judgment as everyone Is treated the same and wears the same type of clothing (Affirmative Action, Delivered Equality and the Concept of Community, p. 7).Escalating is complainingly the same but on a different spectrum. Escalating is considered a community but on a larger level. In his large community, there are many types of religion, different schools, beliefs and nationalities. The Escalating community Is more modernized, relying on technology and modernization to survive. Along with the many different personalities and According to Ben Singer (1996), Escalating derived from Gamesmans hip as urban life gave way to modernization. Folks were more interested in gaining their own profits removing themselves from the uncompetitive society.As modernization progressed so did the competition between people. Everyone was out for themselves, not caring hat obstacles they had to Jump over or who they hurt in the process to get ahead (Serial Melodrama, p. 78). Both communities are governed by leaders. Leadership occurs at all levels and helps in the aide of organization, Next we have to understand leadership theories and styles. Leadership is influencing others to follow. Some of the traits of a leader are drive, motivation, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability, business knowledge.It does not matter what skills or traits a leader may have because they still carry out their leadership in a type of style (Cliff Notes, p. 1). These styles are: Authoritarian Leader who is a person who likes to give orders; Democratic Leader leads by trying to get a consensus ; Expressive Leader is a person who tries to reduce conflict by creating harmony; Instrumental Leader is an individual who tries to keep a group focused on a goal; and lastly, Laissez-fairer Leader which is an individual who is highly permissive (Heinlein, p. 169).By using a hypothesis in leadership theory, we can try to assist the unrest between the Gamesmanship and Escalating communities. As the idea that arbitration destroys community has deep roots in sociology. Townies viewed small towns as the model for Gamesmanship. In a Gamesmanship, each person is embedded in a close-knit network of relatives and friends. Members of the community have a common ancestry and common values, aspirations, and traditions, as well as many common roles. Shared histories, common activities, and frequent face-to-face relations help to create strong social and emotional bonds.In a Gamesmanship community, people tend to remain what they were born to be. Most individuals live and die in the same small a rea. As a result, people think of their identity in terms of their place within the community. Townies concept of Gamesmanship and Escalating, is considered as one of the â€Å"discipline's most enduring and fruitful concepts for studying social change† (Bender, 17 as cited in Christenson). Urban, industrial society, according to Townies, is dramatically different.It is a Escalating because people are linked together through formal organizations and markets, rather than informal relations and a sense of belonging. Big cities represent Escalating. Their dense populations guarantee that many of the people who encounter each other in the course of a typical day will be strangers and their interactions will be impersonal. Relationships tend to be superficial, even with neighbors. These neighbors come from different backgrounds, so they do not necessarily share ancestry, values or attitudes.Nor are they likely to have the same work roles, since work in urban society is highly spec ialized. These differences can create social distance (Bell, 1973). The different family ties lead too peaceful modern society which is respectful of its inhabitants. Linking of basic ties is important so that there is a sense of belongingness to a nation through shred ties of operation and strength. The modernity of society today have brought along new belief systems as well as rapid changes which have denied a sense of nationhood but focuses mainly on individual goals.The Gamesmanship society achieves pure communities must be fair and in cases when there is money being questioned, the leader comes up with a balance program between being firm and being gentle with these people. Directing assertive behaviors in a direction of realistic goals formulated by the community is the first step. The aim is to shift the youth of the community room a wish for immediate magical transformation to instrumental behaviors. The youth of the Gamesmanship society must be helped to gain control over h is or her life space as a means to achieving genuine power.Addictive persons tend to resist working toward long-term goals which involve postponement of gratification and the exercise of self-discipline. It may be necessary to set short-term, easily achievable goals at first. There must be a need to teach clients to give themselves â€Å"strokes† when they achieve small successes. They will tend to look to the counselor for approval and e may be tempted to oblige (Bell, 1973). Another issue which often emerges in counseling youth of the Escalating community is that of achieving intimacy.Helping male clients to establish non-exploitative relationships with women with whom they have tended to fear will sometimes emerge as important aspect of counseling. For perfectionist female clients, the problem is that they tend to keep a distance out of fear that self-revelation may lead to criticism and rejection. Counseling will seek to help young males to deplorable their views of women , and young women to be more pen and assertive with respect to their feelings. Consciousness-raising and assertiveness training will be important aspects of the counseling in solving the problem (Bell, 1973).Resolution of personal feelings of inadequacy will remove the need to alter reality with a â€Å"fix. † Nevertheless, the physiological response of some individuals to drugs, once habituated is so compelling that counseling of the family alone is insufficient (Bell, 1973). In removing the family, some communities like the monasteries emphasize ideology based on love (Hillier Jar. G, 1984). Recognition of the reverence and seriousness of issues among individuals in both communities and its relationship to violent reactions present a great challenge to society.The social inequalities endured by the youths handed down from generation to generation need to be looked into by the government. The youths with low self-esteem are more likely to drop out from school and eventually indulge in violent behaviors and drug abuse than those who are well motivated to stay in school and recognize a bright future ahead. Striving for a better solution to the problems of leaving school will solve the problems of students who resort to gangs and drug selling.The best effort will be the education of these youth so that they are aware from the start about their transformation and their contribution to society in general. Thus, it is important that the there will be programs to strengthen family structure in both kinds of communities so that it creates a positive environment for the educational motivation and support for their children, Parents who generate a sense of security in the family will help resolve the social insecurities, which will help these youths handle conflicts ND frustrations that will keep them away from violent behaviors.

Children Penalties Essay

All through America it seems that juvenile children are committing extremely severe crimes. Fellow classmates and teachers are being murdered by juveniles as young as eleven and thirteen. As a result of this, a major issue has been raised, should children who commit a serious crime face the penalties as and adult? Do these kids know what they are doing? And more importantly do they know the consequences of their actions. The points that I’m going to be outlining are children don’t know/ know the consequences of their actions, harsh punishment has little effect, youths are more mature so they know the consequences of their actions, the notion of justice, children may not have been given adequate role modals, youths should be given harsh punishments so others will not copy them, children grow up with guns and it’s the shooters responsibility not the weapon used. Those who believe that juveniles should receive adult penalties for serious crimes often claim that the young children are not fully aware of the crime they commit and destruction that will affect the victims of the crime. For example in a shooting at Jonesboro, where an eleven and thirteen year old shot dead four school girls and a teacher, critics distinguished that the attack wasn’t committed at the spur of the moment or under the immediate influence of strong emotion. Instead they claim that the killings were highly planned and vigilantly carried out. The two juvenile killers were noted to supplied themselves with a gate away vehicle, wore camouflage clothing, selected a high vantage point form which to shoot, lured their innocent victims out by trigging a fire alarm and waited for the school doors to automatically lock before opening fire. (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 2) The opposing view is that children in their opinion are unable to grasp the consequences of their actions. A child who kills very probably doesn’t realize the finality of death and so does not fully understand what he/she has done when they take someone’s life. Correspondingly, it is claimed that children are unlikely to be deterred for a crime because they are terrified of a cruel punishment. According to this line of disagreement most children are impulsive and have a naive idea in  their own immortality. This means that children are unlikely to think about possible punishments prior to committing a serious crime and are unlikely to be able to even envision penalties like life in jail being applied to them. This point was made by child psychiatrist William Licamele, who claimed, † At age 11 or 12 kid are normally self-absorbed, self centered, magical, they don’t think anything can happen to them, there is going to be no retribution† (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 4) This meaning that the threat of harsh punishment will not prevent them from committing a crime. Thus, it has been argued that applying adult penalties to children who commit serious crimes will have little to no deterrent effect. On the other hand, juveniles should receive adult punishments; fully premeditated murders (like the Jonesboro have been said to be) are no different just because juveniles have committed them. This point questions weather or not the young offenders are adequately aware of the cost of their actions to be held legally liable for them. Mr. Gerard Henderson, executive director of Sydney institute, has summed up this point of arrangement. He claims, † I certainly know what I was doing when I was 13 and 11. I suspect that Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden (shooters at Jonesboro) also know what they were doing† (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 2) Mr. Gerard Henderson also claims, † Those days it is increasingly accepted that most children mature relatively early and that, in an intellectual and recreational sense. Most are relatively independent by 16 † (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 2) This indicates that youth are more mature and so its argued that they are more capable of appreciating the consequences of their actions than children in the past years. Focusing on the punishment of these so called â€Å"more mature† youths is shortsighted, as the cause of the crime committed is probably outside the control of the children. According to this line argument, the general public is more likely to be able to prevent these crimes from occurring if they can  discover why they are happening, rather than focusing on the punishment of the individual offender. This suggests that children who commit serious crimes are most likely victims of developments of society or inside their own families that they are not responsible for. E.g. same authorities have suggested that martial breakdown, the disintegration of extended family and families were both parents work may all be factors contributing to child crime. (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 4) Many people say that it doesn’t matter that a child committed the crime, but that the damaged he/she caused to the victim is the same no matter the age of the perpetrator. Mitchell Weight, whose wife was one of the five killed at Jonesboro claimed, † It doesn’t matter that those were boys. Their age has nothing to do with the fact that they murdered my wife and four others† (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 3) Those who say that the crime and the damage should remain the same despite the age of the offender seem to mean that the punishment should be that same. This argument is based on the notion of justice. Those who affect serious harm to others should be given a proportionately serve penalty for their crimes. Children may have committed a crime that has caused serious harm due to having had luck of guidance and emotional support. The child may suffer from feelings of desertion, alienation and damaged self-esteem. Which can encourage them to lush out at others. Such children may not have been given adequate role modals to help them cope with whatever hardship they will encounter in their lives. Children who lush out at others and become juvenile offenders should receive comparable penalties to adult crimes so that other young people will not copy them. This point was put by Mr. Gerard Henderson, he argued and said that, † The Jonesboro shooting was but the most recent in a wave of schoolyard murders where boys or young men have murdered students and teachers. Who is to say the soft treatment of one young murderer will not encourage another? † (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 3) Societies such as the United States where guns are broadly accepted and where  even young children are trained in the use of guns, are giving young offenders a mean of turning their teenage anger and resentment into homicide. If guns were not so widely available then most of the school shootings would have never happened, the child with the sense of grievance would have expressed it in a form such as fighting, truancy or disobedience in class. It has been claimed that children trained from an early age in the use of guns may be desensitized to potentially grave consequences. Children introduced to guns at an early age may simple regard guns as one more toy. Although guns are widely available that opposing view is that you can’t blame the availability of weapons for any crime committed using them. A local in Jonesboro stated, † You lay a gun on the table and a hundred years from now the gun will still be there, unless someone touches it† (Mclnerney, J, 1994: page 4) This argument is saying that the responsibility for the shooting rests with the shooter, not the weapon. I personally believe that it depends on the offender, weather it was committed from a strong emotion or a planned slaughter. Either way they should first go into a program to help them. But if it was a planned slaughter, at the same time of being in a program they should get punished as an adult so they know that they can’t get away with it and no one else hopefully will not copy what they have done. The issues that I have covered in this essay are that children don’t know/know what they have done, harsh punishment doesn’t work well, youths have grown up a lot more quickly, if they harm someone the offender should get the equal amount of punishment, they have has no good role modals, soft treatment will make other youths copy the offenders crime, guns are part if the youths life from a young age and it’s not the weapons responsibility of the crime that they have committed. Bibliography: Mclnerney, J, 1994 www.echoed.com.au/protected/outlines1/issues.htm Echo Education Services